英语语法知识难点

（一）

（一） 形容词和副词
　　I． 要点
　　A． 形容词
　　1、 形容词的用法
　　形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：
　  　He is honest and hardworking.
　  　I found the book interesting.
　　某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：
　    The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.
　  　The English like to be with their families.
　　多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：
　　冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态（描述性）+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：
　   　the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.
　　2、 形容词比较等级的形式
　　（1） 规则形式
　　一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; --est 来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如：
　  　great-greater-greatest
　  　busy-busier-busiest
　  　important-more important-(the)most important

　　（2） 不规则形式
　　     good (well)-better-best
　　     bad (ill)-worse-worst
　　     many (much)-more-most
　     　little-less-least
　　（3） 形容词比较等级的用法
　   　①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than. 如：
　　     He is cleverer than the other boys.
　     　This one is more beautiful than that one.
　　   ②表示两者以上的比较，用"the +形容词最高级（+名词）+of(in) …"如：
　     　He is the cleverest boy in his class.
   　　③表示两者是同等程度，用"as +形容词原级+as". 如：
　　     He is as tall as I.
　     　I have as many books as you.
   　　④ 越… 越…
　　     例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.
   　　⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好
　　     又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly. 　　你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。
   　　⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day.    那一天是最令我担心的一天。
　　      I have never had a better dinner. 　　这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。
　　   ⑦ My English is no better than yours.　　我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。
　　B．副词
  　　1、 副词的种类
　　   （1） 时间副词 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等
   　　（2） 地点副词 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。
   　　（3） 方式副词 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。
   　　（4） 程度副词 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。
  　　2、 副词比较等级的用法
　　其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：
　　   Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.
　　   We must work harder.
  　　3、 某些副词在用法上的区别
　　   （1） already, yet, still
　　already表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：
　　      We've already watched that film.
　　      I haven't finished my homework yet.
　　      He still works until late every night.
   　　（2） too, as well, also, either
　　too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：
　      　He went there too.
　　      He didn't go there either.
　      　I like you as well.
　　      I also went there.
   　　(3) hard, hardly
　　      hardly意为"几乎"与hard在词义上完全不同。如：
　　       I work hard every day.
　　       I can hardly remember that.
   　　(4) late, lately
　       　lately意为"最近、近来"，late意为"晚、迟"。如：
　　       He never comes late.
　　       Have you been to the museum lately?

　　II． 例题
　　例1 Tom's father thinks he is already ____
　　A high enough 　B tall enough
　　C enough high 　C enough tall
　　解析：该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。
　　例2 ____ the worse I seem to be.
　　A When I take more medicine
　　B The more medicine I take
　　C Taking more of the medicine
　　D More medicine taken
　　解析：该题正确答案为B。"the+形容词比较级+… , the +形容词比较级+…"意为越…，越…。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。

　　例3"I haven't been to London yet".
　　"I haven't been there ____".
　　A too 　B also 　C either 　D neither
　　解析：该题正确答案为C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定"两者都不"，而C-either则用于否定句中，意为"也"。

　　例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news.
　　A deep 　B deeply 　C very deep 　D quite deeply
　　解析：该题正确答案为B。A. deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词，不能互相修饰。

（二） 介词

　　I． 要点
　　1、介词和种类
　　（1） 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
　　（2） 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
　　2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系
　　（1） 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。
　　（2） 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at
　　（3） 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.
　　3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如：
　  　He came right after dinner.
　　  He lives directly opposite the school.
　　4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例
　　（1） at, on, in（表时间）
　　表示时间点用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。
　　指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。
　　指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。
　　（2） between, among（表位置）
　　between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如
　　I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.
　　The village lies between three hills.
　　among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：
　　He is the best among the students.
　　（3） beside, besides
　　beside意为"在…旁边"，而besides意为"除…之外"。如：
　　He sat beside me.
　　What do you want besides this?
　　（4）in the tree, on the tree
　　in the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上
　　（5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
　　on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道
　　by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法
　　（6）in the corner, at the corner
　　in the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外
　　（7）in the morning, on the morning
　　in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨
　　（8）by bus, on the bus
　　by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车

　　II． 例题
　　  例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?
　　       A except   B but   C beside D    besides
　　解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为"除了…"，C-beside意为"在…旁边"，不符合题意。而D-besides, 　　意为"除了…之外，还有"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？
　　例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.
　　A on B at C in D during
　　解析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。
　　例3 I'm looking forward ____your letter.
　　A to B in C at D on
　　解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为"期望、盼望"。

　（三） 连词

　　I． 要点
　　1、 连词的种类
　　（1） 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。
　　（2） 从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
　　除了从属连词（引导状语从句）外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词（引导名词性从句），关系代词和关系副词（引导定语从句）。
　　2、 常用连词举例
 　　(1)and 和，并且
　　  They drank and sang all night.
 　　(2) both…and 和， 既…也…
　　  Both my parents and I went there.
 　　(3) but 但是，而
　　  I'm sad, but he is happy.
 　　(4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么…
　　  Either you're wrong, or I am.
 　　(5) for因为
　  　I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.

　　 (6) however 然而，可是
　　  Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.
 　　(7) neither…nor 既不…也不
　　  Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.
 　　(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…
　　  He not only sings well, but also dances well.
 　　(9) or 或者，否则
　　  Hurry up, or you'll be late.
　　  Are you a worker or a doctor?
 　　(10) so 因此，所以
　　  It's getting late, so I must go.
 　　(11) although 虽然
　　  Although it was late, they went on working.
 　　(12) as soon as 一 …就
　　  I'll tell him as soon as I see him.
 　　(13) because 因为
　　  He didn't go to school, because he was ill.
　　（14）unless 除非，如果不
　  　I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.
　　（15）until 直到…
　　  He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not… until 结构)
　　  He stayed there until eleven.
　　（16）while 当…时候，而 (表示对比)
　　  While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词)
　　  My pen is red while his is blue.
　　（17）for 因为
　　  He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的)
　　（18）since自从…
　　  I have lived here since my uncle left.
　　（19）hardly… when 一… 就
　　    I had hardly got to the station when the train left.
　　（20）as far as 就… 来说
　　    As far as I know, that country is very small.
　　    You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)

　　II． 例题
　　例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.
　　A as well B as well as C so well D so well as
　　解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。 和…一样好为as well as. 故该题正确答案为B。

　　例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
　　A when B where C which D while
　　解析：该处意为"然而"，只有while有此意思，故选D。

　　例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
　　A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
　　解析：该处意为"或者"，正确答案为C。

（二）

（四）动词时态、语态

I． 要点
　1、 一般现在时
　 （1） 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如：　Sometimes, we go swimming after school.
　 （2） 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：　  The earth goes round the sun.
　2、 现在进行时
　  (1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如：
　     What are you doing now?
  　(2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：
　     He is always doing good deeds.
　3、 现在完成时
　主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如:
　     Have you ever been to Beijing?
　4、一般将来时
　表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如：
    　I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
    　We're going to see a film next Monday.
　5、一般过去时
　表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如：　It happened many years ago.
　6、过去进行时
　表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：
　What were you doing this time yesterday?
　7、 过去完成时
　表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：
　The train had already left before we arrived.

　８、一般过去将来时
　表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：
　He said he would come, but he didn't.

　９、被动语态
　被动语态的时态，以give为例。

II．例题

　例１ I learned that her father ____ in 1950.
　A had died B died C dead D is dead

　解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。

　例２ The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.
　A is looked B has looked for
　C is being looked for D has been looked

　解析：该题正确答案为Ｃ。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。

（五）动词虚拟语气

I． 要点
　表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。
　１、 虚拟语气的构成

　注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去, 但要倒装。如：
　Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
　２、 虚拟语气在各种从句的应用
　（１） 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是"should(可省) ＋动词原形"，常用于以下三种句型中。
   　句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
　   句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
　   句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
　如： It is strange that he (should) have done that.
　　　It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
　　　It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
　（２） 在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如：
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
　（３） 在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)＋动词原形"。如：
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
　（４） 在同位语从句中，谓语形式是"(should)＋动词原形"。如：
We received order that the work be done at once.
　（５） 在It is time that…句型中，其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或
　"should ＋动词原形",should不可省。如：
　It's time (that) we went (or should go) to school.

II． 例题

　例１ We had hoped that he ____ longer.
　     A stays     B should stay     C stayed     D would stay
　解析：该题正确答案为Ｄ。had hoped表示"本希望"，同样用法的动词还有think, expect等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气
　例２ "Mary wants to see you today".
　     "I would rather she ____ tomorrow than today."
     　A comes    B came    C should come    D will come
　解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。would rather后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。

　例３ Had she been older, she ____ it better.
    　A had done     B might have done  　C might do   D would do
　解析：Had she been older = If she had been old. 故该题正确答案为Ｂ。

（六）短语动词

I． 要点
　英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：

　（１） 动词＋介词
　常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：
　Don't laugh at others.
　I didn't care about it.
　（２） 动词＋副词
　常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：
　    You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.
    　Please don't forget to hand it in.
　（３） 动词＋副词＋介词
　常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：
　All his money added up to no more than $100.
　After a short rest, he went on with his research work.
　（４） 动词＋名词＋介词
　常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：
　You should pay attention to your handwriting.
　We should make full use of our time.
　（５） 动词＋形容词
　常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：
　    The prisoners were set free.
　    He cut it open.
　（６） 动词＋名词
　常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：
   　This story took place three years ago.
　   I make friends with a lot of people.
　（7）辨析
   　give away(让给，暴露) 和 give up（放弃，停止）
   　put away（放起，收起） 和 put out （扑灭）
   　turn up（出席，放大） 和 turn on （打开）
   　keep out（阻止） 和 keep off （不让靠近）
   　make up（编造，补上） 和 make out（辨认）
   　take off（脱，起飞） 和 take out（拿出）

II． 例题
　例１ It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.
　     A put away        B kept up           C given away      D laid up
　解析：该题正确答案为Ａ。意为"存"；keep up意为"继续"；give away意为"分发"；lay up"贮藏"。

　例２ Here's my card. Let's keep in ____.
　    A touch           B relation           C connection       D friendship
　解析：该题正确答案为A. keep in touch为短语动词，意为"保持联系"。

　例３ ____! There's a train coming.
　   A Look out         B Look around      C Look forward     D Look on
　解析：该题选A. look out 意为"小心"。

（七）动词不定式

I． 要点
　１、 不定式的形式。以动词write为例。

　２、 不定式的句法功能
　（１） 作主语
　   To hear from you is nice.
　   To be a good teacher is not easy.
　不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：
　     It's nice to hear from you.
　     It's not easy to be a good teacher.
 　（２） 作宾语
　通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等词后。如：
　I forgot to lock the door.
　Please remember to write to me.

　（３） 作表语
　My job is to pick up letters.
　He seemed to have heard nothing.

　（４） 作定语
　不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：
　I have two letters to write.
　I have a lot of work to do.

　（５） 作宾补
　通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等词后。如：
　He ordered her to leave at once.
　He was forced to obey his order.

　（６） 作状语
　He got up early to catch the first bus.
　He worked hard to catch up with the other students.

　（７） 作独立成分
　To tell you the truth, I told a lie.

　（８） "疑问词＋不定式"结构。 如：
　I don't know how to choose them.
　I cannot decide where to go.

　（9）不定式的否定式。如：
　I decided not to go.

　（10）不定式的完成式。如：
　He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.
　The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.

　（11）too…to 结构。如：
　He was too excited to go to sleep.
　He was only too glad to go. (他太高兴了，乐意去)

　（12）主动表被动。如：
　The book is easy to read.
　I have a book to read.

II．例题

　例１ I haven't got a chair ____.
　A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting
　解析：该题选C。不定式to sit on在句中作定语，修饰名词chair. 因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是"动宾关系"，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。

　例2 He was made ____.
　A go B gone C going D to go
　解析：该题选D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。

　例3 A new factory is ____ very soon.
　A to be built B built
　C to build D to building
　解析：该题选A。is to be built意为"将要被建"。

（八）动名词

I． 要点
　动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。

　１、 动名词的形式，以write为例。

　否定式 not +动名词

　２、 动名词的用法

　（１） 作主语
　Playing football is my favorite sport.
　Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.
　作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时，可用it作形式主语。如：
　It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.

　（２） 作宾语
　I enjoy playing PC game.
　He gave up writing five years ago.

　（３） 作表语
　What he hated most was doing nothing.
　Seeing is believing.
　动名词作表语时，句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。

　（４） 作定语
　There's a dining room in my school.
　All the people watching laughed.

　（５） 动名词的复合结构"物主代词（或名词的所有格）+动名词"。如：
　Tom's going home late made her mother angry.
　Would you mind my opening the window?
　不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇有以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格）。

　①无生命名词
　The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.
　Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.

　②有生命名词，但表泛指。
　Have you ever heard of girls smoking?

　③两个以上的有生命的名词并列。
　Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?

　3．后面常接动名词的动词和短语
　mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, magine,
　keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit,
　be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing,
　can't help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing,
　look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing,
　devote to doing, lead to doing

II．例题

　例１ She says she doesn't feel like ____ out with you.
　A going B to go C for going D went
　解析：该题正确答案为A。feel like = want, 此处like 为介词，后面要接名词或动名词作宾语

　例２ The garden needs ____.
　A water B watering C to water D watered
　解析：该题正确答案为B。need = want = require. 如果物作主语，此三者后要接动名词或to be done这一结构作宾语。

　例３ Excuse me ____ you.
　A interrupting B to interrupt
　C interrupted D to have interrupted
　解析：该题正确答案为A。excuse 后接动名词作宾语，此句中的me为动名词的逻辑主语（常用于口语中）。

（九）分词

I． 要点
　分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容和副词的句法功能。它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。现在分词表动作正在进行，表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成，表被动。过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成，表主动。
过去分词的句法功能：

　１、 作定语
　I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.
　The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine.

　２、 作表语
　When I came into the room, I found the window was broken.
　I'm interested in this book.

　３、 作宾语补足语
　I'm going to have my bike repaired.
　When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police.

　4、作状语
　Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.
　The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students.

　现在分词的句法功能。

　1、作主语
　It's no use telling him that.
　Losing the ticket to the concert made him sad.

　2、作宾语
　I hate being spoken ill of.
　He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation.

　3、作表语
　Seeing is believing.
　The book is interesting.

　4、作宾语补足语
　I noticed him crossing the street.
　Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen.

　5、作定语
　Do you know the man writing a letter?
　The worker running a machine is my brother.

　6、作状语
　Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful.
　Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him.

　分词使用中的几个问题

　1、现在分词的完成式
　Having cleaned the room, I went out.

　2、现在分词的否定式
　Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.

　3、现在分词与过去分词的不同
　现在分词表示主动、正在，过去分词表示被动、完成
　I found the man killed there.
　I found the man standing there.

　4、have结构
　We have the car repaired.
　We have repaired the car.
　We have Tom repair the car.
　We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning.

　5、分词作表语
　We were excited at the news.
　The football game is exciting.

　6、独立主格结构
　It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.

II． 例题

　例1、Tim ,_______ I'll go on a picnic with you.
　A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting
　解析：该题答案为D。Time permitting…是独立主格结构，意为"如果时间允许的话…"

　例2、He regrets _______ his father that day.
　A. having not seen. B. not to see C. not having seen D. seeing not
　解析：该题答案为C。Regret 后接doing表"后悔做了某事"，如后接to do则表"遗憾要做某事"，而doing的否定形式是在前加not。

　例3、_______ if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker.
　A. Ask B. To ask C. Asked D. Asking
　解析：该题答案为C。主语she是被问。

（三）

（十）情态动词与助动词

I． 要点
　助动词本身无意义，在句中帮助主要动词构成一定的时态，语态、语气，或是帮助构成否定句和疑问句，常用的助动词有be, do, have, shall(should), will(would).
　情态动词表一定的词义，本身并不表示动作或状态，而仅仅表达说话人的态度，它在句中须和主要动词一起构成谓语，主要的情态动词有can(could), may (might), must, have to, ought to, need, dare, shall, should, will, would.

　1、can 能，可以，表说话人同意，许可还可表客观条件许可，如:You can go now.
　提建议或请求时可用can I, can you表客气，如Can I buy you a drink?

　can和be able to表能力时的区别。
　can表一般具有的能力，be able to表在特定条件下的能力，如:Although the driver was badly hurt, he was able to explain what had happened.

　2、may
　（1）、可以，表说话人同意，许可或请求对方许可。You may go.
　（2）、（现在和将来）可能，也许，只用于肯定句和否定句中，如He may not be right.

　3、must, have to
　must表主观上的必须，have to表客观上的必须，如:It's getting late. I have to go. -Must I go now. -Yes, you must.
　(No, you needn't./ No, you don't have to.)

　4、need, dare这二词有实意动词和情态动词两种词性，如用作实意动词后接动词不定式to do，如用作情态动词后接动词原形。Need I go now? --Yes, you must./No, you needn't.)

　5、shall用于第一人称疑问句中表说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求，如，Shall we begin our lesson?
　用于二、三人称陈述句，表说话人命令、警告、允诺、威胁等口吻，如: You shall fail if you don't work harder.

　6、should表应该，意为有责任，有义务。如:We should try our best to make our country more beautiful.

　7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算，如 "Will you lend me your book?" "Yes, I will."，

　8、should have done表应该做而未做
　must have done表对过去事实的肯定推测
　could have done表本可以做某事

　9、判断句：肯定句用must, 否定句用can't, 不太肯定用may, might
　He must be in the office now.
　He must have gone to bed, for the light is out.
　He can't be in the office. He is at home.
　He couldn't have cleaned the classroom, because he didn't come here today.
　He might be in the office, I am not sure.
　He might have cleaned the room, I suppose.

II． 例题
　例1，They _______ to walk in the street at might.
　A. didn't dare 　B. not dared 　C. not dare 　D. dared not

　解析，该题答案为A， 此空需选一动词作谓语，因为后面是to walk, didn't dare是行为动词dare过去时态的否定形式。

　例2，When he was very old, Mr. Smith _______  sit for hours without saying a word.
　A. would 　B. should 　C. must 　D. used

　解析，该题答案为A, would此处表过去的倾向性，习惯性动作，意为"总是"如: When we were children, we would go swimming every summer.

（十一）句子种类

I． 要点
　句子按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句；按结构又分为简单句、并列句和复合句。

　1、陈述句的否定
　（1） 在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的谓语动词是think, expect, believe, suppose, guess, fancy, imagine等时，宾语从句谓语的否定习惯上要移到主句谓语上，如: I don't think he is right.

　（2） 含有否定意义的副词never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely的句子应视为否定句，如: I have never been there before.

　2、反意疑问句
　（1） need和dare 既可作情态动词，又可作实意动词，在反问部分须加以区别，如We needn't leave, need we? We don't need to leave, do we?

　（2） 陈述部分出现否定意义的副词或代词如never, seldom, few, hardly, little等时，反问部分须用肯定形式如：He seldom comes, does he?

　（3） 陈述部分用不定代词作主语时，反问部分的主语用it ，如：Nothing can stop me, can it?
　陈述部分用everybody, everyone, somebody, someone，等作主语时，反问部分常用it，有时也用they，如:Everybody knows that, don't they?

　（4） 陈述部分包括used to 时，反问部分可有两种形式，如: You used to get up early, usedn't (didn't) you?

　（5） 陈述部分是"there + be"结构时，反问部分用there，如:There's something wrong with you, isn't there?

　（6） 陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，反问部分的主语和谓语应和主句保持一致，如: He never told others what he thought, did he?
　但，如果是I think , I believe等 +宾语从句时，反问部分须和从句的动词保持一致，如，I don't think he is right, is he? I don't believe he does that, does he?

　3、感叹句
　用what或how,
　What a beautiful park it is.
　How beautiful a park it is.
　How beautiful the park is.
　How we worked!

　4、祈使句
　Take care!
　Don't stand there.
　Please open the door for the old lady.

II．例题
　例1，Don't forget to post the letter, _______ ?
　A. will you 　B. do you 　C. won't you 　D. shall you

　解析：该题答案为A， 在否定句、祈使句后只用"will you"?，但肯定的祈使句后可用如，Wait for me, will (won't, can, can't, could) you?

　例2，Let's go out for a walk, _______ ?
　A. will you 　B. won't you 　C. shall we 　D. do we

　解析：该题答案为C，let's…后加上shall we来表语气婉转、客气，而在let us后加上will you。

　例3，He hardly writes to you, _______ ?
　A. doesn't he 　B. does he 　C. do they 　D. has he

　解析：该题答案为B，hardly否定副词，反问部分要用肯定形式。

（十二）各种从句

I．要点
　根据从句在句中的句法功能，从句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。

　1、 名词性从句

　（1） 主语从句
　What he wants is a piece of paper.
　It is believed that he can solve the problem.
　注：主语从句的谓语动词用单数。

　（2）宾语从句
　I don't know how to solve the problem.
　Do you know where he lives?

　（3）表语从句
　The problem is who can help me.
　This is why I came here.

　（4）同位语从句
　I have no idea where he went.
　I heard the news that he would come.
　同位语从句用that引导，常跟在fact, idea, news, promise, thought, message, hope, belief, doubt等词后，that在从句中不作任何成分。

　2、定语从句
　在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句叫做定语从句，引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that, as,和关系副词when, where, why。

　（1）that指物时一般可与which互换，但在下列情况下，要用that而不用which。

　a. 先行词有all, everything等不定代词时，如，
　Everything (that) he did is wrong.

　b. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，如，
　I'll read all the books (that) you lend me.

　c. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，
　This is the first letter (that) the boy has written.

　d. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，如
　He is the very man (that) I'm looking for.

　e. 只用which的情况
　在介词后或在非限定性定语从句中
　This is the book about which we have talked a lot.
　The book, which he gave me yesterday, is very interesting.

　f. where和when作关系副词
　This is the room where I worked.
　This is the room which I stayed in.
　I remembered the day when we lived there.
　I remembered the day that I spent there.

　g. as和which
　as 可以放于句首，而which 不可以
　As you know, he is good at English.
　h. three of them 和three of which
　I have a lot of books, three of which are in Russian.
　I have a lot of books and three of them are in Russian.

　3、状语从句
　在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、行为方式状语、比较状语、让步状语等多种。

II． 例题
　例1、 _______  I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business.
　A. If 　B. Whether 　C. Even if 　D. No matter when

　解析：该题答案为B。whether可以和or连用，if不可以，此外if一般仅用于宾语从句。

　例2、The way _______  these comrades look at problems is wrong.
　A. where 　B. in that 　C.X 　D. with which

　解析：该题答案为C，先行词是way，定语从句中用that或 in which来引导或不填。

　例3， ____a long time since I saw you last time.
　A．It was 　B. It is 　C. It had been 　D. It can be

　解析：该题答案为B，It is +时间数+ since引导的从句是一个句型，意为"从…时候以来过了多久了。"

（十三）主谓一致

I． 要点
　谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义上一致和就近一致。

　1、语法上一致
　（1）、以单数名词或代词，动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数，主语为复数时，谓语用复数，如，
　To work hard is necessary for a student.

　（2）、用and或both……and连接的并列主语，谓语动词用复数，如，
　Both he and I are right.
　但并列主语如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，如, His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.

　（3）、主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with, together with, like等，谓语动词仍用单数，如，
　The teacher as well as his students is excited.

　（4）、某些不定代词，如做主语，谓语动词要用单数，如:Everyone has a book.

　（5）、一些只有复数形式的名词，如people, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数，如，A lot of people are dancing outside.

　2、意义上一致
　（1）、表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数，如，
　Twenty years is not a long time.

　（2）、表示总称意义的名词public, police, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词用复数，如，
　People are talking about the accident.

　（3）、有些集合名词，如family, team等作主语，如作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数，如指其中每个成员，则用复数，如，
　My family is a big one.
　My family are watching TV.

　3、邻近一致
　用连词or, either……or, neither……nor, whether……or, not only…but also,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致，如，
　Either you or I am mad.

II．例题
　例1、 The chemical works _______  where my father has worked for thirty years in 1949.
　A. was built B. were built C. is built D. are built

　解析：该题答案为A。works形式上是复数，意思上是单数，因此谓语动词用单数，类似的还有news, maths, politics, physics.

　例2、They each _______  a copy of the new physics.
　A. have B. has C. having D. gets

　解析：该题答案为A。They each不等于each of …, each of 这个词组作主语谓语用单数如each of the students hands in their homework，而they each作主语，谓语要随each前面的词来变化。